Multi-Radar Remote Sensing for Surface–Subsurface Characterisation of Antarctic Ice Sheets

About the project

About the Project Introduction The Antarctic Ice Sheet is undergoing rapid change in response to climate warming, yet the physical mechanisms linking subsurface ice properties to observed variations in ice flow remain poorly understood. Satellite radar observations, particularly Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), routinely measure ice-surface velocity, surface deformation and grounding-line migration across Antarctica, providing information on ice dynamics over large spatial and temporal scales. In contrast, airborne ice-penetrating radar surveys reveal subsurface characteristics, including ice thickness, internal layering, ice fabric and basal conditions. Together, these complementary observations provide an unprecedented opportunity to investigate interactions between the surface and subsurface of Antarctic ice streams. Research Problem Although satellite and airborne radar observations provide complementary information, they are generally analysed independently. Consequently, the relationships between subsurface ice properties and observed surface dynamics remain insufficiently understood. Questions such as how ice thickness influences ice velocity, how basal conditions affect ice-stream behaviour, and which subsurface properties are most important in controlling ice flow remain unanswered. Addressing these questions is essential for improving our understanding of Antarctic ice dynamics and future ice-sheet evolution. Research Aim and Objectives The aim of this PhD project is to investigate the coupling between Antarctic surface dynamics and subsurface ice properties using complementary radar remote sensing observations. The objectives are to: · develop an integrated database combining satellite observations of ice dynamics with airborne radar measurements of subsurface ice properties; · quantify relationships between ice thickness, internal structure, ice fabric, basal conditions and ice flow; · develop physically interpretable methods linking surface observations with subsurface properties through radar signal analysis and glaciological understanding; · identify the subsurface factors that exert the greatest influence on Antarctic ice-stream behaviour. The project will focus on several well-studied Antarctic ice streams where long-term airborne and satellite radar datasets are available. Key scientific questions include: · How does ice thickness influence ice velocity and surface deformation? · What role do basal water and basal roughness play in controlling ice-stream flow? · Can airborne radar observations improve interpretation of satellite-observed ice dynamics? · Which subsurface properties have the greatest influence on Antarctic ice flow? Research Methodology The research will be undertaken through four interconnected phases. Phase 1 – Data preparation: Review Antarctic glaciology and radar remote sensing, and establish an integrated database from existing satellite SAR/InSAR and airborne radar datasets. Phase 2 – Subsurface characterisation: Analyse radar-derived ice thickness, internal layering, ice fabric and basal conditions to identify the properties most relevant to ice-stream behaviour. Phase 3 – Surface–subsurface coupling: Investigate relationships between subsurface properties and satellite-observed ice dynamics using radar signal analysis, statistical modelling and glaciological interpretation, with emphasis on physically meaningful explanations. Phase 4 – Integrated analysis: Apply machine learning, where appropriate, as a supporting tool for feature selection, pattern recognition and uncertainty analysis. The focus will remain on improving scientific interpretation rather than developing new AI algorithms. Research Environment and Expected Outcomes The project will be undertaken within an international collaboration involving expertise in Antarctic glaciology, radar signal processing and satellite Earth observation. The student will gain experience in radar data analysis, scientific programming and interdisciplinary environmental research while working with internationally recognised experts. The project is expected to deliver new methodologies for investigating surface–subsurface coupling in Antarctic ice streams, improve understanding of the physical controls on ice dynamics, and generate high-quality publications in cryosphere and remote sensing journals. The skills developed will prepare the student for careers in Earth observation, environmental monitoring, geophysics and climate science. Applicant Requirements Applicants should have a background in electronic engineering, physics, remote sensing, geophysics, Earth observation, mathematics or a related discipline. Experience with Python or MATLAB is desirable, although training will be provided. A strong interest in radar remote sensing and interdisciplinary environmental research is essential.

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